This is a Swadesh list of words in Moksha, compared with definitions in English.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| № | English | Moksha мокшень кяль (mokšeń käľ) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | мон (mon) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | тон (ton) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | сон (son) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | минь (miń) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | тинь (tiń) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | синь (siń) |
| 7 | this | тя (tä) |
| 8 | that | ся (sä) |
| 9 | here | тяса (täsa) |
| 10 | there | тоса (tosa) |
| 11 | who | кие (kije) |
| 12 | what | мезе (meze) |
| 13 | where | коса (kosa) |
| 14 | when | мзярда (mzärda) |
| 15 | how | кода (koda) |
| 16 | not | аф (af), изь (iź) |
| 17 | all | сембе (sembe) |
| 18 | many | лама (lama) |
| 19 | some | аф лама (af lama), кoдамога (kodamoga) |
| 20 | few | кржа (krža) |
| 21 | other | иля (ilä) |
| 22 | one | фкя (fkä) |
| 23 | two | кафта (kafta) |
| 24 | three | колма (kolma) |
| 25 | four | ниле (nile) |
| 26 | five | вете (vete) |
| 27 | big | оцю (oću) |
| 28 | long | кувака (kuvaka) |
| 29 | wide | кели (keli) |
| 30 | thick | эчке (ečke), туста (tusta) |
| 31 | heavy | стака (staka) |
| 32 | small | ёмла (jomla) |
| 33 | short | нюрьхкяня (ńuŕxkänä), нюрьхкя (ńuŕxkä) |
| 34 | narrow | тяйня (täjnä) |
| 35 | thin | шуваня (šuvanä) |
| 36 | woman | ава (ava) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | аля (alä) |
| 38 | man (human being) | ломань (lomań) |
| 39 | child | шаба (šaba), тетьмак (teťmak) |
| 40 | wife | рьвя (ŕvä) |
| 41 | husband | мирде (mirde) |
| 42 | mother | тядя (tädä) |
| 43 | father | аля (alä) |
| 44 | animal | ракша (rakša) |
| 45 | fish | кал (kal) |
| 46 | bird | нармонь (narmoń) |
| 47 | dog | пине (pine) |
| 48 | louse | си (si) |
| 49 | snake | куй (kuj) |
| 50 | worm | сукс (suks) |
| 51 | tree | шуфта (šufta) |
| 52 | forest | вирь (viŕ) |
| 53 | stick | байдек (bajdek) |
| 54 | fruit | имож (imož) |
| 55 | seed | видьме (viďme) |
| 56 | leaf | лопа (lopa) |
| 57 | root | ункс (unks), юр (jur) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | суд (sud) |
| 59 | flower | панчф (pančf) |
| 60 | grass | тише (tiše) |
| 61 | rope | пикс (piks) |
| 62 | skin | кедь (keď), киське (kiśke) |
| 63 | meat | сиволь (sivoľ), пал (pal) |
| 64 | blood | вер (ver) |
| 65 | bone | пакарь (pakaŕ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | куя (kujä) |
| 67 | egg | ал (al) |
| 68 | horn | сюра (śura) |
| 69 | tail | пула (pula) |
| 70 | feather | толга (tolga) |
| 71 | hair | шяярь (šäjäŕ), шяярхть (šäjärxť) |
| 72 | head | пря (prä) |
| 73 | ear | пиле (pile) |
| 74 | eye | сельме (seľme) |
| 75 | nose | шалхка (šalxka) |
| 76 | mouth | курга (kurga) |
| 77 | tooth | пей (pej) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | кяль (käľ) |
| 79 | fingernail | кенже (kenže) |
| 80 | foot | пильге (piľge) |
| 81 | leg | пильге (piľge) |
| 82 | knee | плманжа (plmanža) |
| 83 | hand | кядь (käď) |
| 84 | wing | паця (pacä) |
| 85 | belly | пеке (peke) |
| 86 | guts | сюлот (śulot) |
| 87 | neck | крга (krga) |
| 88 | back | копорь (kopoŕ) |
| 89 | breast | мяште (mäšte) |
| 90 | heart | седи (sedi) |
| 91 | liver | макса (maksa) |
| 92 | to drink | симомс (simoms) |
| 93 | to eat | ярхцамс (jarxcams) |
| 94 | to bite | сускомс (suskoms) |
| 95 | to suck | шокшемс (šokšems) |
| 96 | to spit | сельгомс (seľgoms) |
| 97 | to vomit | уксондомс (uksondoms) |
| 98 | to blow | уфамс (ufams) |
| 99 | to breathe | вайме тарксемс (vajme tarksems) |
| 100 | to laugh | рахамс (rahams) |
| 101 | to see | няемс (näjems) |
| 102 | to hear | кулемс (kulems) |
| 103 | to know | содамс (sodams) |
| 104 | to think | арьсемс (arsems) |
| 105 | to smell | марямс (maräms) |
| 106 | to fear | пелендемс (pelendems) |
| 107 | to sleep | удомс (udoms) |
| 108 | to live | эрямс (eräms) |
| 109 | to die | куломс (kuloms) |
| 110 | to kill | шавомс (šavoms) |
| 111 | to fight | тюремс (ťurems) |
| 112 | to hunt | кунцемс (kuncems) |
| 113 | to hit | эрьхтемс (erxtems), вачкодемс (vačkodems) |
| 114 | to cut | керомс (keroms) |
| 115 | to split | лазомс (lazoms) |
| 116 | to stab | сялгомс (sälgoms) |
| 117 | to scratch | сянгордамс (sängordams) |
| 118 | to dig | шувомс (šuvoms) |
| 119 | to swim | уемс (ujems), эшелямс (ešeläms) |
| 120 | to fly | лиемс (lijems) |
| 121 | to walk | якамс (jakams), ялга молемс (jalga molems) |
| 122 | to come | самс (sams) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | мадозь ащемс (madoź aščems) |
| 124 | to sit | озада ащемс (ozada aščems) |
| 125 | to stand | стяда ащемс (städa aščems) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | шаромс (šaroms), шарфтомс (šarftoms) |
| 127 | to fall | прамс (prams) |
| 128 | to give | максомс (maksoms) |
| 129 | to hold | кирдемс (kirdems) |
| 130 | to squeeze | пувордамс (puvordams) |
| 131 | to rub | нардамс (nardams) |
| 132 | to wash | штамс (štams) |
| 133 | to wipe | нардамс (nardams) |
| 134 | to pull | ускомс (uskoms) |
| 135 | to push | ряфцодемс (räfcodems), толхмадемс (tolxmadems) |
| 136 | to throw | ёрдамс (jordams) |
| 137 | to tie | сотомс (sotoms) |
| 138 | to sew | стамс (stams) |
| 139 | to count | лувомс (luvoms) |
| 140 | to say | азомс (azoms) |
| 141 | to sing | морамс (morams) |
| 142 | to play | налхкомс (nalxkoms) |
| 143 | to float | уемс (ujems) |
| 144 | to flow | шудемс (šudems) |
| 145 | to freeze | эйндамс (ejndams) |
| 146 | to swell | паймошкодомс (pajmoškodoms) |
| 147 | sun | ши (ši) |
| 148 | moon | ков (kov) |
| 149 | star | тяште (täšte) |
| 150 | water | ведь (veď) |
| 151 | rain | пизем (pizem) |
| 152 | river | ляй (läj) |
| 153 | lake | эрьхке (eŕxke) |
| 154 | sea | моря (morä) |
| 155 | salt | сал (sal) |
| 156 | stone | кев (kev) |
| 157 | sand | шувар (šuvar) |
| 158 | dust | пуль (puľ) |
| 159 | earth | мода (moda) |
| 160 | cloud | ковол (kovol) |
| 161 | fog | сюне (śune), сув (suv) |
| 162 | sky | менель (meneľ) |
| 163 | wind | варма (varma) |
| 164 | snow | лов (lov) |
| 165 | ice | эй (ej) |
| 166 | smoke | качам (kačam) |
| 167 | fire | тол (tol) |
| 168 | ash | кулу (kulu) |
| 169 | to burn | паломс (paloms), плхтамс (plxtams) |
| 170 | road | ки (ki) |
| 171 | mountain | панда (panda) |
| 172 | red | якстерь (jaksteŕ) |
| 173 | green | сянгяря (sängärä), пиже (piže) |
| 174 | yellow | тюжя (ťužä) |
| 175 | white | акша (akša) |
| 176 | black | равжа (ravža) |
| 177 | night | ве (ve) |
| 178 | day | ши (ši) |
| 179 | year | киза (kiza) |
| 180 | warm | лямбе (lämbe) |
| 181 | cold | якшама (jakšama), кельме (keľme) |
| 182 | full | пяшксе (päškse) |
| 183 | new | од (od) |
| 184 | old | сире (sire), ташта (tašta) |
| 185 | good | цебярь (cebäŕ), пара (para) |
| 186 | bad | кальдяв (kaldäv) |
| 187 | rotten | наксада (naksada) |
| 188 | dirty | рдазу (rdazu), лебоню (lebońu) |
| 189 | straight | виде (vide) |
| 190 | round | покаряв (pokaräv) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | оржа (orža) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ношка (noška) |
| 193 | smooth | арся (arsä), такор (takor) |
| 194 | wet | начка (načka) |
| 195 | dry | коське (kośke) |
| 196 | correct | виде (vide) |
| 197 | near | мала (mala) |
| 198 | far | ичкозе (ičkoze) |
| 199 | right | виде (vide) |
| 200 | left | кержи (kerži) |
| 201 | at | ваксса (vakssa) |
| 202 | in | -са (-sa) |
| 203 | with | мархта (marxta) |
| 204 | and | да (da), эди (edi), и (i) |
| 205 | if | -ндярь- (-ndäŕ-) |
| 206 | because | сяс мес (säs mes) |
| 207 | name | лем (lem) |