This is a Swadesh list of words in Moksha, compared with definitions in English.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| № | English | Moksha мокшень кяль (mokšeń käľ) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | мон (mon) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | тон (ton) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | сон (son) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | минь (miń) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | тинь (ťiń) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | синь (śiń) |
| 7 | this | тя (ťa) |
| 8 | that | ся (śa) |
| 9 | here | тяса (ťasa) |
| 10 | there | тоса (tosa) |
| 11 | who | кие (kije) |
| 12 | what | мезе (meźe) |
| 13 | where | коса (kosa) |
| 14 | when | мъзярда (məźarda) |
| 15 | how | кода (koda) |
| 16 | not | аф (af), изь (iź) |
| 17 | all | сембе (śembe) |
| 18 | many | лама (lama) |
| 19 | some | аф лама (af lama), кoдамога (kodamoga) |
| 20 | few | кържа (kərža) |
| 21 | other | иля (iľa) |
| 22 | one | фкя (fkä) |
| 23 | two | кафта (kafta) |
| 24 | three | колма (kolma) |
| 25 | four | ниле (ńiľe) |
| 26 | five | вете (veťe) |
| 27 | big | оцю (oću) |
| 28 | long | кувака (kuvaka) |
| 29 | wide | кели (keľi) |
| 30 | thick | эчке (ečke), туста (tusta) |
| 31 | heavy | стака (staka) |
| 32 | small | ёмла (jomla) |
| 33 | short | нюрьхкяня (ńuŕhkäńa), нюрьхкя (ńuŕhkä) |
| 34 | narrow | тяйня (ťajńa) |
| 35 | thin | шуваня (šuvańa) |
| 36 | woman | ава (ava) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | аля (aľa) |
| 38 | man (human being) | ломань (lomań) |
| 39 | child | шаба (šaba), тетьмак (ťeťmak) |
| 40 | wife | ърьвя (əŕvä) |
| 41 | husband | мирде (mirďe) |
| 42 | mother | тядя (ťaďa) |
| 43 | father | аля (aľa) |
| 44 | animal | ракша (rakša) |
| 45 | fish | кал (kal) |
| 46 | bird | нармонь (narmoń) |
| 47 | dog | пине (pińe) |
| 48 | louse | си (śi) |
| 49 | snake | куй (kuj), ёзнэ (jozne) |
| 50 | worm | сукс (suks) |
| 51 | tree | шуфта (šufta) |
| 52 | forest | вирь (viŕ) |
| 53 | stick | байдек (bajďek) |
| 54 | fruit | имож (imož) |
| 55 | seed | видьме (viďme) |
| 56 | leaf | лопа (lopa) |
| 57 | root | ункс (unks), юр (jur) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | суд (sud) |
| 59 | flower | панчф (pančf) |
| 60 | grass | тише (ťiše) |
| 61 | rope | пикс (piks) |
| 62 | skin | кедь (keď), киське (kiśke) |
| 63 | meat | сиволь (śivoľ), пал (pal) |
| 64 | blood | вер (ver) |
| 65 | bone | пакарь (pakaŕ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | куя (kuja) |
| 67 | egg | ал (al) |
| 68 | horn | сюра (śura) |
| 69 | tail | пула (pula) |
| 70 | feather | толга (tolga) |
| 71 | hair | шяярь (šäjaŕ), шяярхть (šäjarhť) |
| 72 | head | пря (pŕa) |
| 73 | ear | пиле (piľe) |
| 74 | eye | сельме (śeľme) |
| 75 | nose | шалхка (šalhka) |
| 76 | mouth | курга (kurga) |
| 77 | tooth | пей (pej) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | кяль (käľ) |
| 79 | fingernail | кенже (kenže) |
| 80 | foot | пильге (piľge) |
| 81 | leg | пильге (piľge) |
| 82 | knee | пълманжа (pəlmanža) |
| 83 | hand | кядь (käď) |
| 84 | wing | паця (paća) |
| 85 | belly | пеке (peke) |
| 86 | guts | сюлот (śulot) |
| 87 | neck | кърга (kərga) |
| 88 | back | копорь (kopoŕ) |
| 89 | breast | мяште (mäšťe) |
| 90 | heart | седи (śeďi) |
| 91 | liver | макса (maksa) |
| 92 | to drink | симомс (śimoms) |
| 93 | to eat | ярхцамс (jarhcams) |
| 94 | to bite | сускомс (suskoms) |
| 95 | to suck | шокшемс (šokšems) |
| 96 | to spit | сельгомс (śeľgoms) |
| 97 | to vomit | уксондомс (uksondoms) |
| 98 | to blow | уфамс (ufams) |
| 99 | to breathe | вайме тарксемс (vajme tarkśems) |
| 100 | to laugh | рахамс (rahams) |
| 101 | to see | няемс (ńajems) |
| 102 | to hear | кулемс (kuľems) |
| 103 | to know | содамс (sodams) |
| 104 | to think | арьсемс (aŕśems) |
| 105 | to smell | марямс (maŕams) |
| 106 | to fear | пелендемс (peľenďems) |
| 107 | to sleep | удомс (udoms) |
| 108 | to live | эрямс (eŕams) |
| 109 | to die | куломс (kuloms) |
| 110 | to kill | шавомс (šavoms) |
| 111 | to fight | тюремс (ťuŕems) |
| 112 | to hunt | кунцемс (kunćems) |
| 113 | to hit | эрьхтемс (eŕhťems), вачкодемс (vačkoďems) |
| 114 | to cut | керомс (keroms) |
| 115 | to split | лазомс (lazoms) |
| 116 | to stab | сялгомс (śalgoms) |
| 117 | to scratch | сянгордамс (śangordams) |
| 118 | to dig | шувомс (šuvoms) |
| 119 | to swim | уемс (ujems), эшелямс (ešeľams) |
| 120 | to fly | лиемс (ľijems) |
| 121 | to walk | якамс (jakams), ялга молемс (jalga moľems) |
| 122 | to come | самс (sams) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | мадозь ащемс (madoź aščems) |
| 124 | to sit | озада ащемс (ozada aščems) |
| 125 | to stand | стяда ащемс (sťada aščems) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | шаромс (šaroms), шарфтомс (šarftoms) |
| 127 | to fall | прамс (prams) |
| 128 | to give | максомс (maksoms) |
| 129 | to hold | кирдемс (kirďems) |
| 130 | to squeeze | пувордамс (puvordams) |
| 131 | to rub | нардамс (nardams) |
| 132 | to wash | штамс (štams) |
| 133 | to wipe | нардамс (nardams) |
| 134 | to pull | ускомс (uskoms) |
| 135 | to push | ряфцодемс (ŕafcoďems), толхмадемс (tolhmaďems) |
| 136 | to throw | ёрдамс (jordams) |
| 137 | to tie | сотомс (sotoms) |
| 138 | to sew | стамс (stams) |
| 139 | to count | лувомс (luvoms) |
| 140 | to say | азомс (azoms) |
| 141 | to sing | морамс (morams) |
| 142 | to play | налхкомс (nalhkoms) |
| 143 | to float | уемс (ujems) |
| 144 | to flow | шудемс (šuďems) |
| 145 | to freeze | эйндамс (ejndams) |
| 146 | to swell | паймошкодомс (pajmoškodoms) |
| 147 | sun | ши (ši) |
| 148 | moon | ков (kov) |
| 149 | star | тяште (ťašťe) |
| 150 | water | ведь (veď) |
| 151 | rain | пизем (piźem) |
| 152 | river | ляй (ľaj) |
| 153 | lake | эрьхке (eŕhke) |
| 154 | sea | моря (moŕa) |
| 155 | salt | сал (sal) |
| 156 | stone | кев (kev) |
| 157 | sand | шувар (šuvar) |
| 158 | dust | пуль (puľ) |
| 159 | earth | мода (moda) |
| 160 | cloud | ковол (kovol) |
| 161 | fog | сюне (śuńe), сув (suv) |
| 162 | sky | менель (meńeľ) |
| 163 | wind | варма (varma) |
| 164 | snow | лов (lov) |
| 165 | ice | эй (ej) |
| 166 | smoke | качам (kačam) |
| 167 | fire | тол (tol) |
| 168 | ash | кулу (kulu) |
| 169 | to burn | паломс (paloms), пълхтамс (pəlhtams) |
| 170 | road | ки (ki) |
| 171 | mountain | панда (panda) |
| 172 | red | якстерь (jaksťeŕ) |
| 173 | green | сянгяря (śangäŕa), пиже (piže) |
| 174 | yellow | тюжя (ťužä) |
| 175 | white | акша (akša) |
| 176 | black | равжа (ravža) |
| 177 | night | ве (ve) |
| 178 | day | ши (ši) |
| 179 | year | киза (kiza) |
| 180 | warm | лямбе (ľambe) |
| 181 | cold | якшама (jakšama), кельме (keľme) |
| 182 | full | пяшксе (päškśe) |
| 183 | new | од (od) |
| 184 | old | сире (śiŕe), ташта (tašta) |
| 185 | good | цебярь (ćebäŕ), пара (para) |
| 186 | bad | кальдяв (kaľďav) |
| 187 | rotten | наксада (naksada) |
| 188 | dirty | ърдазу (ərdazu), лебоню (ľebońu) |
| 189 | straight | виде (viďe) |
| 190 | round | покаряв (pokaŕav) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | оржа (orža) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ношка (noška) |
| 193 | smooth | арся (arśa), такор (takor) |
| 194 | wet | начка (načka) |
| 195 | dry | коське (kośke) |
| 196 | correct | виде (viďe) |
| 197 | near | мала (mala) |
| 198 | far | ичкозе (ičkoźe) |
| 199 | right | виде (viďe) |
| 200 | left | кержи (kerži) |
| 201 | at | ваксса (vakssa) |
| 202 | in | -са (-sa) |
| 203 | with | мархта (marhta) |
| 204 | and | да (da), дъ (də), эди (eďi), и (i) |
| 205 | if | -ндярь- (-nďaŕ-) |
| 206 | because | сяс мес (śas mes) |
| 207 | name | лем (ľem) |