Appendix:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Swadesh List

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Sūret
ܣܘܪܝܬ 		Transliteration IPA
pronunciation
1 I ܐܢܐ ānā
2 you (singular) ܐܢܬ, ܐܢܬܝ at (m), at (f) ,
3 they (singular) ܗܘ, ܗܝ awa (m), aya (f) ,
4 we ܐܚܢܢ aḥnan
5 you (plural) ܐܚܬܘܢ aḥton
6 they (plural) ܐܢܝ ānī
7 this ܕܗܘ, ܕܗܝ d-awa (m), d-aya (f)
8 that ܕܗܘ, ܕܗܝ d-awa (m), d-aya (f) ,
9 here ܠܐܟܐ laˀḵā ]
10 there ܬܡܐ tāmā
11 who ܡܢ min
12 what ܡܘܕܝ modī
13 where ܐܝܟܐ aykā
14 when ܐܝܡܢ īman
15 how ܐܝܡܢ īman
16 not ܠܐ la
17 all ܟܠ kul
18 many ܣܓܝܐܐ sagīˀā
19 some ܚܕܬܪܝܢ ḥattēy
20 few ܚܕܬܪܝܢ ḥattēy
21 other ܐܚܪܢܐ ḥēnā
22 one ܚܕ, ܚܕܐ ḥa (m), ḥḏā (f) ,
23 two ܬܪܝܢ, ܬܪܬܝܢ trēn (m), tartēn (f) ,
24 three ܬܠܬܐ, ܬܠܬ tlātā (m), tlāt (f) ,
25 four ܐܪܒܥܐ, ܐܪܒܥ arbˁā (m), arbaʿ (f) ,
26 five ܚܡܫ, ܚܡܫ ḥamšā (m), ḥamiš (f) ,
27 big ܪܒܐ, ܟܒܝܪܐ rabbā, kabbīrā ,
28 long ܝܪܝܟܐ yarīḵā
29 wide ܦܬܝܐ pityā
30 thick
31 heavy ܝܩܘܪܐ yaqqūrā
32 small ܙܥܘܪܐ zˁōrā
33 short ܟܪܝܐ kiryā
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman ܐܢܬܬܐ atṯā ,
37 man (adult male) ܓܒܪܐ gaḇrā
38 man (human being) ܐܢܫܐ nāšā
39 child ܝܠܕܐ yālā
40 wife ܐܢܬܬܐ atṯā ,
41 husband ܓܒܪܐ gaḇrā
42 mother
43 father
44 animal ܚܝܘܬܐ ḥayyūtā
45 fish ܢܘܢܐ nuna
46 bird ܛܝܪܐ ṭayrā
47 dog ܟܠܒܐ kalbā
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm
51 tree ܐܝܠܢܐ īlānā
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit ܦܐܪܐ pērā
55 seed
56 leaf ܛܪܦܐ ṭarpā
57 root ܫܪܫܐ širšā
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat
64 blood ܕܡܐ dimmā
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair ܣܥܪܐ saˁrā
72 head ܪܝܫܐ rēšā
73 ear
74 eye ܥܝܢܐ ˁaynā
75 nose
76 mouth ܦܘܡܐ pummā
77 tooth ܫܢܐ šinnē
78 tongue (organ) ܠܫܢܐ liššānā
79 fingernail
80 foot ܥܩܠܐ ˁaqlā
81 leg ܪܓܠܐ riḡlā
82 knee
83 hand ܐܝܕܐ īdā
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast ܨܕܪܐ, ܚܕܝܐ ṣadrā, ḥaḏyā ,
90 heart ܠܒܐ libbē
91 liver
92 to drink ܫܬܐ šātē
93 to eat ܐܟܠ āḵēl
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow ܢܦܚ nāpēḥ
99 to breathe ܢܦܫ nāpēš
100 to laugh ܓܚܟ gāḥēk
101 to see ܚܙܐ ḥāzē
102 to hear ܫܡܥ šāmēˁ
103 to know ܝܕܐ yāḏēˁ
104 to think ܚܫܒ ḥāšēḇ
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep ܕܡܟ dāmēḵ
108 to live ܚܝܐ ḥayyē
109 to die ܡܐܬ māˀēṯ
110 to kill ܩܛܠ qāṭēl
111 to fight
112 to hunt ܨܐܕ ṣāˀēḏ
113 to hit ܡܚܐ māḥē
114 to cut ܩܛܥ qāṭēˁ
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim ܣܚܐ sāḥē
120 to fly ܦܪܚ pārēḥ
121 to walk ܗܠܟ hālēḵ
122 to come ܐܬܐ āṯē
123 to lie (as in a bed)
124 to sit ܝܬܒ yāṯēḇ
125 to stand
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall ܢܦܠ nāpēl
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash ܚܠܠ ḥallil
133 to wipe
134 to pull ܓܪܫ gārēš
135 to push ܙܥܦ zāˁip
136 to throw ܪܡܐ rāmē
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count ܡܢܐ mānē
140 to say ܐܡܪ āmēr
141 to sing ܙܡܪ zāmēr
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow ܪܕܐ zāmēr
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun ܫܡܫܐ šimšā
148 moon ܣܗܪܐ šimšā
149 star ܟܘܟܒܐ šimšā
150 water ܟܘܟܒܐ mayyā
151 rain ܡܛܪܐ miṭrā
152 river ܢܗܪܐ nahrā
153 lake
154 sea ܝܡܐ yimmā
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth ܐܪܥܐ arˁā
160 cloud
161 fog ܥܪܦܠܐ ˁarpillā
162 sky ܫܡܝܐ šmayyā
163 wind
164 snow ܬܠܓܐ talgā
165 ice ܓܠܝܕܐ glīdā
166 smoke
167 fire ܢܘܪܐ nūrā
168 ash ܩܛܡܐ qiṭmā
169 to burn ܝܩܕ yāqēḏ
170 road ܐܘܪܚܐ ūrḥā
171 mountain
172 red ܣܡܘܩܬܐ, ܣܡܘܩܐ smōqā (m), smōqtā (f) ,
173 green ܝܪܘܩܬܐ, ܝܪܘܩܐ yarōqā (m), yarōqtā (f) ,
174 yellow ܫܥܘܬܐ, ܫܥܘܬܐ šaˁūṯā (m), šaˁūṯē (f) ,
175 white ܚܘܪܬܐ, ܚܘܪܐ ḥwārā (m), ḥwārtā (f) ,
176 black ܐܟܩܡܬܐ, ܐܟܘܡܐ kōmā (m), kōmtā (f) ,
177 night
178 day ܝܘܡܐ yāwmā
179 year ܫܝܬܐ šētā
180 warm
181 cold ܩܪܝܪܐ qarīrā
182 full
183 new ܚܕܬܐ ḥadtā
184 old ܥܬܝܩܐ, ܣܒܐ, ܩܫܝܫܐ ˁatīqā (thing), sāḇā (person), qašīšā (person) , ,
185 good ܛܒܐ ṭāḇā
186 bad ܒܝܫܐ bīšā
187 rotten
188 dirty ܫܚܬܢܐ šūḥtānā
189 straight ܬܪܝܨܐ trīṣā
190 round
191 sharp (as a knife) ܚܪܝܦܐ ḥarīpā
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet ܪܛܝܒܐ raṭīḇā
195 dry ܝܒܝܫܐ yabīšā
196 correct ܬܪܝܨܐ trīṣā
197 near ܩܪܝܒܐ qarīḇā
198 far ܪܚܝܩܐ raḥīqā
199 right ܝܡܝܢܐ yamīnā
200 left ܣܡܠܐ simmālā
201 at ܒ- b-
202 in ܒ- b-
203 with ܥܡ, ܒ- ˁam, bə- ,
204 and ܘ- w-
205 if ܐܢ in
206 because
207 name ܫܡܐ šimmā
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